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Der Kreis
''Der Kreis'' ((英語:''The Circle'')) was a Swiss gay magazine that was published from 1932 to 1967 and distributed internationally.
==History==
''Der Kreis'' was founded in 1932 with the original title ''Schweizerisches Freundschaftsbanner'' (''Swiss Friendship Banner''), and in 1937 its name was changed to ''Menschenrecht'' (''Human Rights''). Although the magazine had originally focused on lesbian issues, by 1942 most of the lesbian editorial staff had left and the magazine became exclusively gay in focus; the actor Karl Meier took over as the chief editor in 1942, using the pen name "Rolf", and renamed the magazine ''Der Kreis'' (''The Circle'').
In 1942 the magazine's bimonthly circulation was around 200 copies, and by 1957 this had increased to 1,900, including 700 subscribers throughout Europe and the United States.〔 It was the only gay magazine that continued publication through the Third Reich and the only gay publication that was available in Europe during World War II.〔 ''Der Kreis'' was published in multiple languages: it was originally written in German, but a French section was added in 1942 and an English section in 1954.〔〔 It contained news, short stories, poems, photographs, illustrations, and reports on scientific research.〔 Although Swiss publications were censored for much of the duration of magazine's publication, the editors of ''Der Kreis'' were noted to have evaded censorship of "racier texts" in the English section since the censors were unable to read them. By and large, the magazine contained very little risqué content since Meier wanted to promote "a high-minded vision of homosexuality" that valued friendship over sex.〔
The magazine's leadership began to decline in the 1960s, since younger gay readers were more inclined to buy Scandinavian publications that published pornography and nude photographs, and the last issue was published in 1967.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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